|
Sardinian nationalism is a social, cultural and political movement in Sardinia promoting the protection of the island's environment and the re-discovery of Sardinian culture. It also calls for more autonomy, or even independence, from Italy. The Sardinian movement has its origins on the left of the political spectrum,〔Hechter (M.), ''The Dynamics of Secession'', Acta Sociologica, vol. 35, 1992, p. 267.〕〔(Entrevista a Marcel Farinelli: “Córcega y Cerdeña forman un archipiélago invisible al tener sus islas nacionalismos de signo opuesto" )〕 as attempts for Sardinian self-determination countered Rome-centric Italian nationalism and fascism. Over the years Sardist parties from different ideological backgrounds have emerged. The first two Sardist parties, the Sardinian Action Party or PSd'Az (one of the oldest stateless nationalist parties in Europe〔Elias (A.) et Tronconi (F.), ''From protest to power. Autonomist parties and the challenges of representation'', Vienna, Braumüller, 2011〕) and the Sardinian League (LS), were launched between the two world wars. The PSd'Az, which was pretty strong in the 1920s (e.g. 36% of the popular vote in 1921 regional election〔Hepburn, Eve. ''The Ideological Polarisation and Depolarisation of Sardinian Nationalism'', Regional and Federal Studies Vol. 19, No.5. (2010)〕) as well as in the 1940s (e.g. 14.9% in the 1946 general election), establishing itself as the most important nationalist movement in Sardinia, experienced a comeback in the 1980s. In the 1984 regional election the party peaked at 30% in Cagliari and over 20% in Sassari and Oristano, gaining overall 13.8% of the vote: therefore, due to its pivotal role in the newly elected Regional Council, Sardist Mario Melis was President of Sardinia from 1984 to 1989.〔(Regional Council of Sardinia )〕 Ever since, that result has not been repeated yet by any nationalist party. ==Overview== The Sardinian nationalist movement is rather disjointed and lacking in unity nowadays.〔(Michela Murgia, la scrittrice si candida a guidare la Sardegna. L'eterno ritorno dell'indipendentismo sardo - L'Huffington Post )〕 It is composed mostly of several local and scattered grassroots organisations across the island that do not have a clear central policy-making authority, and besides, the different nationalist subgroups often disagree with each other on many issues.〔(Scottish vote reignites Sardinia separatist parties' for independence - The Wall Street Journal )〕 Sardinian nationalists address a number of issues, such as the environmental damage caused by the Italian, NATO and U.S. military forces〔(Sardegna, la protesta contro le servitù - Rai.tv )〕〔''In chiave antimilitarista, nel quadro del tradizionale attivismo contestativo contro la presenza di strutture militari sul territorio nazionale, a fronte del tono minore che ha caratterizzato l’impegno dei comitati siciliani contro il sistema satellitare MUOS, si è rilevato un innalzamento della tensione mobilitativa in Sardegna, ove espressioni dell’antagonismo e dell’indipendentismo sardo hanno rivitalizzato la protesta contro le esercitazioni nei poligoni e nelle installazioni militari dell’Isola, reclamando la smilitarizzazione del territorio.'' - (Relazione sulla politica dell'informazione per la sicurezza, pg.69 )〕〔(Sardegna, il 13 settembre indipendentisti a Capo Frasca contro l’occupazione militare )〕〔(Indipendentismo sardo, questo sconosciuto - Adalgisa Marrocco )〕〔(Italy: Sardinia Island protesters target NATO Trident Juncture exercise )〕 (in fact, 60% of such bases in Italy are located on the island),〔Mattu, Katjuscia. ''Internal colonialism in Western Europe: the case of Sardinia''〕 the financial and economic exploitation of the island's resources by the Italian state and mainland industrialists, the lack of any political representation both in Italy and in the European Parliament, and the ongoing process of depopulation and Italianization that would destroy the Sardinian indigenous culture.〔(Sardegna: Paradiso turistico o la lenta morte di un popolo? - di Marco Oggianu ) - ((German translation of the same article) )〕 Sardinian nationalism is a pacific movement that does not advocate violent revolution, proposing instead to achieve its goals within a liberal democratic framework. However, as an exception to the rule, there had been some issues in the past strictly related to separatist tendencies, the most worth mentioning being essentially three. First, the actions planned in 1968〔Minahan, James. ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations S-Z'', pg. 1664〕 by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli to turn the island into the Cuba of the Mediterranean and "liberate it from colonialism" by making contact with several local nationalist groups;〔Cabitza, Giuliano. ''Sardegna: rivolta contro la colonizzazione''. Milano, Feltrinelli Editore.〕 in the end, the attempt of the famous communist thinker to strengthen the pro-independence militant lines, divided into the socialist ''Fronte Nazionale de Liberazione de sa Sardigna'' (FNLS) and the rightist ''Movimentu Nazionalista Sardu'' (MNS),〔''Cultura e identitade - Sardinna'', January - April 2002〕 was nullified by the Italian secret military intelligence.〔(Morto Pugliese, l' ex ufficiale del Sid che «fermò» nel '60 il latitante Mesina - Corriere della Sera )〕 Secondly, there had been in the 1980s the question of the so-called "separatist conspiracy", a secret plan apparently set up by some local activists to reach the island's independence in collaboration with Gaddafi's Libya;〔(Italian Court convicts 16 as Sardinian separatists - The New York Times )〕〔(Agguati, guerriglia, sequestri: ecco il complotto separatista sardo - La Repubblica )〕〔(Separatismo sardo, condannati i capi - La Repubblica )〕〔Vittorfranco Pisano, ''The Dynamics of Subversion and Violence in Contemporary Italy'', Hoover Institution Press (1987), p.143〕 according to some reconstructions of the facts, the supposed Sardinian separatist conspiracy might have been a machination of the Italian secret services seeking to discredit the rising nationalist wave in the island.〔(Melis e il complotto separatista: "macchinazione degli 007 italiani" )〕 There were also separatist militant groups,〔Paola Sirigu, ''Il codice barbaricino'', La Riflessione (Davide Zedda Editore), 2007, pp.225-234〕 like the ''Movimento Armato Sardo'' (Sardinian Armed Movement), claiming assassinations and several kidnappings.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sardinia, a political laboratory )〕〔Shao Chuan Leng, ''Coping with Crises: How Governments Deal with Emergencies'', University Press of America〕〔(Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. "Sardinian Autonomy Movement" (MAS) )〕〔Giovanni Ricci, ''Sardegna Criminale'', Newton Compton, 2008〕 Finally, it should be mentioned the case of a number of bombings,〔〔(OIr:< In 2014, another independentist group launched a campaign, called ''Cantonmarittimo'', in order for Sardinia to reach its independence by joining Switzerland as a Canton.〔(In Sardinia, Secessionists Want to Leave Italy and Join... Switzerland? - The Wall Street Journal )〕〔(Italy's separatist spirit takes new shape as Sardinians push to become Swiss - The Guardian )〕〔(Separatisten auf Vormarsch in Europa - Arte )〕〔(New proposal for a Swiss-Sardinian maritime Canton )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sardinian nationalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|